Doctor of Medicine Program

This course introduces first-year medical students to the fundamental principles of biology with emphasis on the cellular and molecular basis of life. It covers cell structure and function, biological molecules, cell membranes and transport mechanisms, cellular metabolism, respiration, photosynthesis as a model of energy conversion, cell communication, cell division, and basic principles of genetics. The course also links cellular biology to mammalian and human biological systems, preparing students for subsequent study in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, histology, genetics, microbiology, and pathology. The practical component develops students’ basic laboratory skills, including microscopy, observation of cellular structures, biological experiments, data recording, and interpretation of laboratory findings. The course aims to build a strong scientific foundation for understanding normal biological processes and their relevance to medical sciences.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with the fundamental knowledge and practical skills required to recognize and manage common medical and traumatic emergencies before definitive medical care is available. It introduces the principles of emergency assessment, scene safety, patient evaluation, and the initial management of life-threatening conditions using evidence-based first aid practices. Topics include basic life support (BLS), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), airway management, control of bleeding, wound care, fractures and immobilization, burns, shock, poisoning, choking, environmental emergencies, and the initial management of cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and other acute medical conditions. The course emphasizes rapid decision-making, teamwork, effective communication during emergencies, and safe patient transport. Practical sessions utilize demonstrations, simulation, and hands-on skills training to develop competence in emergency response and basic resuscitation techniques. Upon successful completion, students will be able to provide safe, effective, and timely first aid, perform basic life support, and apply appropriate emergency care measures in accordance with current international guidelines and professional standards.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, First semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year one, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces the fundamental principles of physics that underpin modern medicine and healthcare. It focuses on the application of physical concepts to biological systems and medical technologies, providing students with the scientific basis for understanding diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Topics include mechanics, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, sound and ultrasound, atomic and nuclear physics, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation dosimetry, and the physical principles of medical imaging modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine. The course also addresses radiation protection, biological effects of radiation, and quality assurance in medical equipment. The laboratory component develops practical skills in measurement techniques, experimental data analysis, operation of basic physics instruments, and safe laboratory practices. Upon successful completion, students will be able to apply physical principles to understand normal physiological processes, interpret the operation of medical devices, and appreciate the role of physics in clinical diagnosis, treatment, and patient safety.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with the fundamental principles of chemistry required for the study of biomedical and health sciences. It emphasizes the relationship between chemical concepts and biological systems, covering atomic structure, chemical bonding, molecular geometry, stoichiometry, states of matter, solutions and concentrations, thermochemistry, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, buffers, electrochemistry, and an introduction to organic and biologically important molecules. The course highlights the chemical basis of physiological processes, homeostasis, metabolism, and drug action, enabling students to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying normal and pathological conditions. The laboratory component develops essential practical skills, including accurate measurement, preparation of solutions, titration, pH determination, data analysis, laboratory safety, and scientific reporting. Upon successful completion, students will possess the chemical foundation necessary for advanced courses in biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and other medical sciences.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course equips medical students with the essential communication competencies required for effective clinical practice, professional collaboration, and patient-centered care. It introduces the principles of verbal, non-verbal, written, and interpersonal communication within healthcare settings, with emphasis on developing effective doctor–patient relationships, active listening, empathy, cultural sensitivity, professionalism, and ethical communication. Students learn techniques for history taking, delivering health information, patient education, shared decision-making, teamwork, conflict resolution, and communication with patients, families, and multidisciplinary healthcare teams. The course also addresses communication in challenging situations, including breaking bad news, obtaining informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, and communicating with vulnerable populations. Interactive teaching methods, including role-playing, simulated patient encounters, group discussions, case-based learning, presentations, and reflective practice, are used to strengthen students’ communication, leadership, and professional behavior. Upon successful completion, students will be able to communicate effectively and compassionately in diverse healthcare environments while adhering to professional and ethical standards.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, First semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year one, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the microscopic structure of human cells, tissues, and organs, emphasizing the relationship between tissue architecture and physiological function. It covers the principles of tissue organization, cell ultrastructure, epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, as well as the microscopic anatomy of the major organ systems. Students learn to identify normal histological structures and correlate them with their functional significance and clinical relevance. The course also introduces basic concepts of tissue development, regeneration, aging, and the histological changes associated with common pathological conditions. Practical laboratory sessions develop competency in light microscopy, interpretation of histological slides, virtual microscopy, tissue staining techniques, specimen preparation, and the recognition of normal microscopic anatomy. Integration with anatomy, embryology, physiology, and pathology is emphasized to provide a comprehensive understanding of normal human structure and function. Upon successful completion, students will be able to identify the microscopic characteristics of normal tissues and organs, interpret histological findings, and apply histological knowledge as a foundation for the study of pathology and clinical medicine.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with a comprehensive introduction to the normal structure of the human body and the fundamental principles of human embryonic development. It covers the anatomical terminology, body organization, anatomical planes, tissues, skeletal system, joints, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and body cavities, with emphasis on the structural organization and functional relationships of the human body. The embryology component introduces the processes of gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, early embryonic development, organogenesis, fetal growth, and the developmental basis of common congenital anomalies. The course integrates anatomical knowledge with clinical relevance through the use of medical imaging, radiological anatomy, and clinical case discussions. Practical sessions include cadaveric dissection or prosected specimens, anatomical models, microscopic specimens, imaging techniques, and three-dimensional learning resources to strengthen spatial understanding of human anatomy. Upon successful completion, students will possess a solid foundation in gross anatomy and embryology that supports the study of physiology, pathology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and other clinical disciplines.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the behavioral, psychological, and social determinants of health and illness, emphasizing their influence on human behavior, healthcare delivery, and patient outcomes. It explores fundamental concepts in psychology, sociology, and behavioral sciences relevant to medical practice, including human development, personality, learning, motivation, cognition, emotions, stress and coping, health behaviors, cultural influences, family dynamics, social determinants of health, and behavioral aspects of disease prevention and health promotion. The course also examines doctor–patient relationships, communication, professionalism, ethics, teamwork, and the impact of behavioral and psychosocial factors on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of disease. Through lectures, case-based discussions, reflective learning, and interactive activities, students develop an understanding of patient-centered care and the biopsychosocial model of health. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate behavioral and social sciences into clinical reasoning, communicate effectively with patients from diverse backgrounds, and apply behavioral principles to improve healthcare outcomes and professional practice.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the fundamental principles governing the normal functions of the human body and the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. It covers the physiology of cells and tissues, membrane transport, membrane potentials, cellular communication, muscle contraction, neurophysiology, blood and body fluids, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, endocrine regulation, reproductive physiology, and the integration of organ systems. Emphasis is placed on the physiological basis of normal body function and the relationship between physiological processes and the pathophysiology of disease. The course integrates theoretical knowledge with practical laboratory exercises, physiological measurements, simulations, and interpretation of experimental and clinical data to strengthen analytical and problem-solving skills. Students will develop an understanding of the functional interactions among body systems and their importance in maintaining health. Upon successful completion, students will possess a solid physiological foundation that supports the study of pathology, pharmacology, internal medicine, surgery, and other clinical disciplines.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the fundamental principles of organic chemistry with emphasis on their applications in health and biomedical sciences. It covers the structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, physical and chemical properties, and reactions of the major classes of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, and aromatic compounds. The course also introduces biologically important organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, highlighting the relationship between molecular structure and biological function. Particular emphasis is placed on the chemical basis of metabolic pathways, enzyme activity, drug action, and molecular mechanisms relevant to human health and disease. The laboratory component develops students' practical skills in handling organic compounds, purification and separation techniques, qualitative analysis, identification of functional groups, laboratory safety, and scientific data interpretation. Upon completion, students will have a solid foundation in organic chemistry that supports advanced study in biochemistry, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, physiology, and other medical sciences.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year one, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year one, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year one, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year one, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year one, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year one, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the principles of scientific research and the application of biostatistics in evidence-based medicine. It provides the knowledge and skills required to formulate research questions, conduct literature reviews, develop research protocols, select appropriate study designs, apply sampling techniques, and address ethical considerations in biomedical research. The course covers descriptive and inferential statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, correlation and regression analysis, and the interpretation of statistical results in medical research. Students are also introduced to epidemiological measures, critical appraisal of scientific literature, data management, statistical software, and the principles of evidence-based clinical decision-making. Practical sessions emphasize data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of research findings, enabling students to evaluate published medical literature and conduct basic biomedical research. Upon successful completion, students will be able to design simple research projects, analyze health-related data, interpret statistical evidence, and apply research findings to clinical practice while adhering to ethical and scientific standards.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate genetic information and their relevance to human health and disease. It covers the structure and organization of DNA and RNA, genome organization, DNA replication, gene expression, transcription, translation, gene regulation, epigenetics, recombinant DNA technology, and the principles of molecular genetics. The course also introduces Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal abnormalities, population genetics, genetic variation, molecular diagnostics, pharmacogenomics, and the genetic basis of inherited and multifactorial diseases. Emphasis is placed on the application of molecular biology and genetics in precision medicine, genetic counseling, disease diagnosis, screening, and emerging gene-based therapies. Practical sessions develop students' skills in molecular laboratory techniques, including nucleic acid extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, interpretation of genetic data, and analysis of molecular diagnostic results. Upon successful completion, students will be able to explain the molecular basis of normal cellular function and genetic disorders, interpret molecular and genetic investigations, and apply molecular biology concepts to clinical medicine and biomedical research.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical principles underlying normal cellular function and human health. It covers the structure and function of biologically important molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, together with the biochemical mechanisms responsible for energy production and metabolic regulation. Topics include enzyme kinetics, bioenergetics, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism, integration of metabolic pathways, molecular biology, gene expression, and the biochemical basis of cell signaling and homeostasis. The course also introduces the biochemical mechanisms of disease, nutrition, oxidative stress, and the molecular basis of selected inherited and acquired metabolic disorders. Laboratory sessions develop practical skills in biochemical analysis, interpretation of laboratory data, quality control, and the clinical application of biochemical investigations in diagnosis and patient management. Upon successful completion, students will be able to apply biochemical principles to understand normal physiology, disease mechanisms, laboratory medicine, pharmacology, and clinical decision-making.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the fundamental principles of microbiology and the role of microorganisms in human health and disease. It covers the classification, structure, physiology, genetics, growth, and metabolism of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, together with the interactions between microorganisms and the human host. The course emphasizes the mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity, host defense, normal human microbiota, principles of infection transmission, sterilization and disinfection, antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial resistance, and basic concepts of infection prevention and control. Students are also introduced to laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases through microscopy, culture techniques, microbial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and molecular diagnostic methods. Practical sessions develop essential laboratory skills, biosafety practices, interpretation of microbiological findings, and quality assurance in diagnostic microbiology. Upon successful completion, students will be able to explain the biological characteristics of medically important microorganisms, understand the pathogenesis and prevention of infectious diseases, interpret basic microbiological laboratory investigations, and apply microbiological principles in clinical medicine and public health.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying disease and the structural and functional changes that occur in cells, tissues, and organs in response to injury. It covers the principles of cellular adaptation, reversible and irreversible cell injury, inflammation, tissue repair and regeneration, wound healing, hemodynamic disorders, thrombosis, embolism, edema, shock, immune-mediated diseases, neoplasia, genetic disorders, environmental pathology, and the molecular basis of disease. The course emphasizes the relationship between pathological processes and clinical manifestations, integrating gross pathology, histopathology, laboratory medicine, and molecular pathology to explain disease mechanisms and progression. Practical sessions include the examination of gross specimens, histopathological slides, virtual microscopy, interpretation of laboratory findings, and clinicopathological case discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to explain the mechanisms of disease, recognize the morphological features of common pathological processes, interpret basic pathological investigations, and apply pathological principles to the understanding of clinical medicine and disease diagnosis.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of the human immune system and its role in maintaining health and protecting against disease. It covers the cellular and molecular components of innate and adaptive immunity, including immune cells, lymphoid organs, antibodies, antigens, cytokines, the complement system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC), antigen presentation, and the mechanisms of immune responses. The course also examines immunological tolerance, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency disorders, transplantation immunology, tumor immunology, and the principles of vaccination and immunotherapy. Emphasis is placed on the clinical application of immunological concepts in the diagnosis, prevention, and management of infectious, inflammatory, allergic, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. Practical sessions introduce students to basic immunological laboratory techniques, including serological testing, immunoassays, flow cytometry, and interpretation of immunological investigations. Upon successful completion, students will be able to explain normal and abnormal immune responses, interpret immunological laboratory findings, and apply immunological principles to clinical diagnosis, disease prevention, and patient management.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and common disorders of the respiratory system. Topics include the embryological development and anatomy of the respiratory tract, pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, regulation of respiration, pulmonary circulation, acid–base balance, and respiratory defense mechanisms. The course also examines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common respiratory diseases, including upper and lower respiratory tract infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, pleural diseases, respiratory failure, and lung cancer. Students are introduced to the pharmacological management of respiratory disorders, pulmonary function testing, chest imaging, arterial blood gas interpretation, and microbiological and immunological aspects of respiratory diseases. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, clinical skills training, simulation, case-based discussions, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain normal respiratory function, interpret diagnostic investigations, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of patients with respiratory diseases.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the normal structure, function, and common disorders of the cardiovascular system. It combines anatomy, embryology, histology, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology, and clinical medicine to present a systems-based approach to cardiovascular health and disease. Topics include the development and anatomy of the heart and blood vessels, cardiac muscle physiology, electrophysiology, cardiac cycle, hemodynamics, regulation of blood pressure, coronary circulation, and the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, congenital heart diseases, and vascular disorders. Students also study the pharmacological management of cardiovascular conditions, relevant microbiological and immunological aspects, interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECGs), and the principles of cardiovascular imaging and laboratory investigations. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, clinical skills training, case-based discussions, simulation, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain cardiovascular function and disease, interpret common diagnostic findings, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the principles and practices of public health and their role in improving population health and preventing disease. It examines the determinants of health, patterns of disease distribution, and strategies for health promotion and disease prevention at the community level. Topics include epidemiology, environmental and occupational health, communicable and non-communicable diseases, nutrition, maternal and child health, immunization programs, health education, health policy, healthcare systems, and primary healthcare. The course also addresses demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting health, disaster preparedness, global health challenges, and the role of public health in achieving health equity and sustainable development. Practical activities emphasize community health assessment, interpretation of epidemiological data, health promotion planning, and the application of evidence-based public health interventions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to apply public health principles to clinical practice, assess community health needs, contribute to disease prevention programs, and promote health at individual, family, and community levels while recognizing the physician’s role in improving population health.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides an in-depth study of human metabolism and its regulation, emphasizing the biochemical pathways that maintain cellular and systemic homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions. It covers the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids, nucleotides, and heme, as well as the integration and hormonal regulation of metabolic pathways during the fed state, fasting, starvation, exercise, and stress. The course examines energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial function, metabolic adaptation, and the biochemical basis of common metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, inherited metabolic diseases, and disorders of acid–base balance. Students also explore the relationship between nutrition, metabolism, endocrine regulation, and disease, together with the interpretation of biochemical laboratory investigations used in the diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic disorders. Practical sessions emphasize metabolic data analysis, interpretation of clinical biochemical profiles, and the application of biochemical principles to patient care. Upon successful completion, students will be able to explain the regulation and integration of metabolic pathways, interpret metabolic abnormalities, and apply biochemical knowledge to clinical diagnosis, therapeutic decision-making, and evidence-based medical practice.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the fundamental principles of pharmacology and the scientific basis of drug therapy. It covers the concepts of pharmacokinetics, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as pharmacodynamics, receptor mechanisms, dose–response relationships, and factors influencing drug efficacy and safety. The course also addresses adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, therapeutic drug monitoring, principles of rational prescribing, pharmacogenomics, medication safety, and the ethical and legal aspects of medication use. Students are introduced to the major classes of therapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, and common adverse effects, providing the foundation for the subsequent study of system-based pharmacology. Clinical case discussions and problem-based learning activities emphasize the application of pharmacological principles to patient care and evidence-based therapeutic decision-making. Upon successful completion, students will be able to explain the mechanisms of drug action, evaluate the safe and effective use of medications, and apply core pharmacological principles in preparation for clinical practice.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

College Requirement

When

Year two, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year two, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year two, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

University Requirement

When

Year two, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, development, and common disorders of the male and female reproductive systems. Topics include the embryological development of the reproductive organs, reproductive anatomy and histology, reproductive endocrinology, gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, placental function, fetal development, parturition, lactation, and the physiology of the menstrual cycle. The course also examines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common reproductive disorders, including infertility, sexually transmitted infections, menstrual disorders, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, benign and malignant tumors of the reproductive system, disorders of pregnancy, and male reproductive diseases. Students are introduced to reproductive health, family planning, contraception, assisted reproductive technologies, prenatal screening, and the pharmacological management of reproductive disorders. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, clinical skills training, simulation, case-based discussions, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain normal reproductive function, interpret diagnostic investigations, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of reproductive health conditions.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and common disorders of the digestive system. Topics include the embryological development and gross anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs, digestive physiology, gastrointestinal motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, hepatic and pancreatic function, bile metabolism, and the regulation of gastrointestinal homeostasis. The course also examines the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes, viral hepatitis, chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, gallbladder disorders, pancreatitis, and gastrointestinal malignancies. Students are introduced to diagnostic procedures such as laboratory investigations, imaging, endoscopy, and histopathological evaluation, as well as the pharmacological management of digestive diseases and the role of nutrition in maintaining gastrointestinal health. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, case-based discussions, clinical skills training, simulation, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain gastrointestinal function, interpret diagnostic findings, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of patients with digestive system disorders.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and disorders of the endocrine system. Topics include the anatomy and development of endocrine glands, hormone synthesis and secretion, mechanisms of hormone action, endocrine regulation of metabolism, growth and development, calcium and bone homeostasis, fluid and electrolyte balance, stress response, and reproductive endocrinology. The course examines the physiology and pathology of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, and diffuse endocrine tissues. It also addresses the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common endocrine disorders, including diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, adrenal disorders, pituitary diseases, disorders of calcium metabolism, metabolic bone diseases, and endocrine neoplasms. Students are introduced to endocrine laboratory investigations, hormone assays, imaging techniques, and the pharmacological management of endocrine diseases, with emphasis on evidence-based clinical practice. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, case-based discussions, clinical skills training, simulation, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain endocrine function, interpret endocrine investigations, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of patients with endocrine and metabolic disorders.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and common disorders of the renal and urinary systems. Topics include the embryological development and gross anatomy of the kidneys and urinary tract, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular function, urine formation, electrolyte and acid–base balance, water homeostasis, endocrine functions of the kidney, and the regulation of blood pressure through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. The course also examines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common renal and urinary disorders, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, glomerular diseases, nephrotic and nephritic syndromes, urinary tract infections, nephrolithiasis, tubular disorders, hypertension, and renal failure. Students are introduced to urinalysis, renal function tests, diagnostic imaging, renal biopsy, and the pharmacological management of renal diseases, including diuretics and antihypertensive agents. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, case-based discussions, clinical skills training, simulation, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain renal function, interpret diagnostic investigations, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of patients with renal and urinary system disorders.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and common disorders of the skin and locomotor system. Topics include the embryological development and anatomy of the skin, bones, joints, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues, together with the physiology of muscle contraction, bone remodeling, calcium and phosphate homeostasis, wound healing, and tissue repair. The course also examines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common dermatological and musculoskeletal disorders, including dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, bacterial, viral and fungal skin infections, autoimmune skin diseases, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, fractures, soft tissue injuries, muscular disorders, metabolic bone diseases, and bone and soft tissue tumors. Students are introduced to dermatological and musculoskeletal examination, diagnostic imaging, histopathological and microbiological investigations, and the pharmacological management of inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune, and degenerative diseases affecting the skin and locomotor system. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, clinical skills training, simulation, case-based discussions, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain the normal function of the skin and musculoskeletal system, interpret diagnostic investigations, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of patients with dermatological and musculoskeletal disorders.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and disorders of the blood and lymphoreticular system. Topics include hematopoiesis, the structure and function of blood cells, hemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood groups and transfusion medicine, bone marrow physiology, and the anatomy and function of the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. The course also examines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common hematological and lymphoreticular disorders, including anemias, hemoglobinopathies, bleeding and thrombotic disorders, leukemias, lymphomas, plasma cell disorders, bone marrow failure syndromes, and disorders of the lymphatic system. Students are introduced to hematological laboratory investigations, including complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear interpretation, coagulation studies, bone marrow examination, immunophenotyping, and molecular diagnostic techniques, together with the principles of blood transfusion and transfusion safety. Learning is reinforced through laboratory sessions, clinical skills training, simulation, case-based discussions, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical sciences to explain the physiology and pathology of the blood and lymphoreticular system, interpret hematological investigations, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and management of patients with hematological and lymphatic disorders.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course provides medical students with a comprehensive introduction to the structure and function of the nervous system, emphasizing the basic scientific principles that form the foundation for the study of neurological diseases and clinical neuroscience. The course adopts a systems-based approach by integrating neuroanatomy, neuroembryology, neurohistology, neurophysiology, neurobiochemistry, and introductory clinical neuroscience. Topics include the embryological development of the nervous system, organization of the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurons and neuroglia, synaptic transmission, membrane potentials, sensory and motor pathways, autonomic nervous system, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral circulation, and the functional organization of the nervous system. Students are also introduced to the basic principles of neurological examination, neuroimaging, and the correlation between neuroanatomical structures and their clinical manifestations. Practical sessions include neuroanatomical specimen identification, histological slide interpretation, neurophysiology demonstrations, medical imaging, and case-based learning to strengthen the integration of basic and clinical sciences. Upon successful completion, students will be be able to explain the normal structure and function of the nervous system, correlate neuroanatomical organization with neurological function, and establish a scientific foundation for the subsequent study of neurological disorders and clinical neuroscience.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This integrated course builds upon the foundational knowledge acquired in Neuroscience I and focuses on the clinical application of neuroscience in understanding disorders of the nervous system. It adopts a systems-based approach by integrating neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropathology, neuropharmacology, neuroradiology, clinical neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. Topics include higher cortical functions, motor and sensory disorders, movement disorders, pain pathways, disorders of consciousness, epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, demyelinating diseases, peripheral neuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders, muscle diseases, neuroinfectious diseases, neuro-oncology, traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, and common pediatric neurological disorders. The course also covers the pharmacological management of neurological diseases, interpretation of neurological investigations such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and neuroimaging techniques, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Learning is reinforced through clinical skills sessions, neurological examination, simulation, case-based discussions, and early clinical exposure. Upon successful completion, students will be able to integrate basic and clinical neurosciences to understand the mechanisms of neurological diseases, interpret neurological investigations, formulate differential diagnoses, and apply evidence-based principles in the assessment and initial management of patients with neurological disorders.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year three, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Building on the foundational cardiovascular sciences, the course emphasizes the application of clinical reasoning to patients presenting with acute and chronic cardiac conditions. Topics include ischemic heart disease, acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, congenital heart diseases, pericardial diseases, infective endocarditis, vascular disorders, and cardiovascular risk assessment. Students develop competence in cardiovascular history taking, physical examination, interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECGs), chest radiographs, echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, stress testing, ambulatory monitoring, and the principles of advanced cardiovascular imaging. The course also addresses evidence-based pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, preventive cardiology, cardiovascular emergencies, and the indications for interventional and surgical procedures. Clinical learning is delivered through bedside teaching, outpatient clinics, coronary care units, case-based discussions, multidisciplinary rounds, and simulation. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with cardiovascular diseases, formulate differential diagnoses, interpret common cardiovascular investigations, initiate evidence-based management plans, and recognize conditions requiring urgent intervention or specialist referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with their first structured clinical experience in internal medicine, emphasizing the integration of basic medical sciences with patient-centered clinical practice. It focuses on the principles of history taking, physical examination, clinical reasoning, differential diagnosis, and evidence-based management of common adult medical conditions. Students participate in supervised clinical training in inpatient wards, outpatient clinics, and clinical skills laboratories, where they develop competencies in patient assessment, clinical documentation, interpretation of laboratory and imaging investigations, and formulation of diagnostic and management plans. The course covers the recognition and initial management of common disorders affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, hematological, infectious, and rheumatological systems, with emphasis on disease prevention, patient safety, and multidisciplinary care. Students are also introduced to rational prescribing, clinical communication, professionalism, medical ethics, and shared decision-making. Learning is reinforced through bedside teaching, case-based discussions, clinical seminars, simulation, and reflective learning. Upon successful completion, students will be be able to perform a comprehensive medical assessment, formulate appropriate differential diagnoses, interpret common clinical investigations, and develop evidence-based management plans for patients with common internal medicine conditions under appropriate clinical supervision.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the fundamental principles and skills of clinical medicine, providing an early transition from basic sciences to patient-centered clinical practice. It emphasizes the development of core clinical competencies, professional behavior, ethical practice, and effective communication within healthcare settings. Topics include the principles of patient-centered care, medical professionalism, clinical reasoning, evidence-based medicine, infection prevention and control, patient safety, documentation of medical records, and the organization of healthcare systems. Students are trained in comprehensive history taking, basic physical examination techniques, vital signs assessment, communication with patients and families, and the interpretation of common clinical findings. The course also introduces the principles of clinical decision-making, multidisciplinary teamwork, confidentiality, informed consent, cultural competence, and reflective practice. Learning is delivered through simulation, standardized patients, clinical skills laboratories, bedside teaching, case-based learning, and supervised early clinical exposure in primary and hospital care settings. Upon successful completion, students will be able to perform a structured patient interview and basic physical examination, demonstrate professional and ethical conduct, communicate effectively with patients and healthcare professionals, and apply fundamental clinical skills as a foundation for subsequent clinical training.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the fundamental principles and clinical applications of diagnostic imaging in modern medical practice. It emphasizes the appropriate selection, interpretation, and safe use of imaging modalities in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of diseases across all organ systems. Topics include the physical principles, indications, contraindications, advantages, and limitations of conventional radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluoroscopy, mammography, nuclear medicine, and positron emission tomography (PET). The course also covers the systematic interpretation of normal and abnormal imaging findings, the use of contrast media, radiation biology, radiation protection, patient safety, and the principles of image-guided diagnostic and interventional procedures. Students develop competence in correlating imaging findings with clinical presentations and laboratory investigations to support evidence-based clinical decision-making. Learning is reinforced through radiology workstations, case-based discussions, multidisciplinary teaching sessions, simulation, clinical rotations, and supervised interpretation of imaging studies. Upon successful completion, students will be able to select appropriate imaging investigations, interpret common radiological findings, recognize imaging features of major diseases, apply radiation safety principles, and integrate diagnostic imaging into the comprehensive assessment and management of patients.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge and practical skills required for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common disorders affecting the ear, nose, throat, head, and neck. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating anatomy, physiology, pathology, microbiology, audiology, radiology, and clinical medicine. Topics include disorders of the external, middle, and inner ear; hearing loss; vertigo and balance disorders; rhinitis, sinusitis, epistaxis, nasal obstruction, allergic diseases, disorders of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx, salivary gland diseases, thyroid and neck masses, airway disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, head and neck infections, trauma, and benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck. Students are introduced to otorhinolaryngological history taking, head and neck examination, otoscopy, anterior rhinoscopy, oropharyngeal examination, flexible endoscopy, audiological assessment, vestibular function testing, and the interpretation of imaging studies. The course also addresses the principles of medical and surgical management, emergency airway care, and perioperative considerations. Learning is reinforced through outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, operating theaters, bedside teaching, clinical skills training, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common ear, nose, and throat disorders, perform focused clinical examinations, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate differential diagnoses, and apply evidence-based principles in the initial management of otorhinolaryngological conditions.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with their initial clinical training in general surgery, emphasizing the integration of basic surgical sciences with the principles of patient assessment and perioperative care. It focuses on the evaluation and management of common surgical conditions, the development of clinical reasoning, and the acquisition of essential surgical skills. Topics include surgical history taking, physical examination, wound healing, fluid and electrolyte management, infection prevention and control, trauma assessment, preoperative evaluation, postoperative care, surgical nutrition, and the principles of anesthesia and pain management. Students are introduced to common surgical disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract, abdominal wall, hepatobiliary system, breast, thyroid, skin, and soft tissues, as well as the management of surgical emergencies. Practical training includes aseptic techniques, scrubbing, gowning and gloving, basic wound care, suturing, knot tying, drain management, and participation in operating rooms, outpatient clinics, and inpatient surgical wards under supervision. Learning is reinforced through bedside teaching, clinical skills laboratories, simulation, multidisciplinary discussions, and case-based learning. Upon successful completion, students will be able to perform a structured surgical assessment, recognize common surgical diseases and emergencies, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, apply the principles of perioperative care, and participate safely and professionally in the management of surgical patients.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge and practical skills required for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common diseases affecting the urinary tract and the male reproductive system. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating clinical medicine, surgery, radiology, pathology, microbiology, and pharmacology. Topics include disorders of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate, urethra, testes, and external genitalia, with particular emphasis on urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary obstruction, urinary incontinence, hematuria, congenital urological anomalies, male infertility, erectile dysfunction, trauma of the genitourinary tract, and urological malignancies. Students are introduced to urological history taking, physical examination, digital rectal examination, urinalysis, renal function tests, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), cystoscopy, urodynamic studies, and the principles of minimally invasive and endoscopic urological procedures. The course also covers evidence-based medical and surgical management, emergency urological conditions, and perioperative care. Learning is reinforced through outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, operating theaters, bedside teaching, clinical skills training, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common urological conditions, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate differential diagnoses, initiate appropriate management plans, and recognize conditions requiring urgent intervention or specialist referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge and practical skills required for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating orthopedic surgery with anatomy, biomechanics, pathology, radiology, rehabilitation, and emergency medicine. Topics include the assessment of musculoskeletal pain and disability, fractures and dislocations, soft tissue injuries, bone and joint infections, congenital and developmental musculoskeletal disorders, degenerative joint diseases, osteoporosis, metabolic bone diseases, musculoskeletal tumors, spinal disorders, sports injuries, upper and lower limb disorders, and principles of trauma management. Students are introduced to orthopedic history taking, musculoskeletal examination, interpretation of plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other diagnostic investigations, together with the principles of fracture management, immobilization, casting, splinting, traction, rehabilitation, and surgical interventions. The course also addresses orthopedic emergencies, perioperative care, patient safety, and multidisciplinary management. Clinical learning is reinforced through outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, operating theaters, emergency departments, bedside teaching, clinical skills training, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common orthopedic conditions, perform a structured musculoskeletal examination, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate differential diagnoses, and apply evidence-based principles in the initial management of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the fundamental principles of health economics and their application to healthcare delivery, policy, and resource allocation. It examines how economic concepts support efficient, equitable, and evidence-based decision-making within healthcare systems. Topics include the principles of health economics, healthcare financing, health insurance systems, supply and demand in healthcare, economic evaluation of health interventions, cost analysis, cost-effectiveness, cost–utility and cost–benefit analyses, health technology assessment, pharmaceutical economics, healthcare budgeting, resource allocation, and economic aspects of disease prevention and health promotion. The course also addresses healthcare quality, efficiency, equity, universal health coverage, priority setting, and the economic challenges associated with aging populations, chronic diseases, emerging technologies, and public health emergencies. Students develop the ability to critically evaluate the economic implications of clinical and public health interventions and to incorporate economic evidence into healthcare planning and policy decisions. Learning is reinforced through case-based discussions, health policy analyses, group projects, and the evaluation of real-world healthcare scenarios. Upon successful completion, students will be able to apply health economic principles to clinical and managerial decision-making, assess the value of healthcare interventions, and contribute to the efficient and sustainable use of healthcare resources.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge and practical skills required for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common diseases of the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. It emphasizes a systematic approach to dermatological history taking, physical examination, lesion identification, and clinicopathological correlation. Topics include the morphology of skin lesions, inflammatory dermatoses, eczema, psoriasis, acne, pigmentary disorders, bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic skin infections, autoimmune and bullous diseases, allergic skin disorders, dermatological manifestations of systemic diseases, sexually transmitted infections with cutaneous manifestations, pediatric dermatology, dermatological emergencies, and benign and malignant skin tumors. Students are introduced to diagnostic procedures, including dermoscopy, skin biopsy, microscopy, microbiological investigations, patch testing, and relevant laboratory studies. The course also covers evidence-based pharmacological and procedural management, including topical and systemic therapies, phototherapy, cryotherapy, and the principles of skin cancer prevention and patient education. Clinical learning is delivered through outpatient clinics, bedside teaching, case-based discussions, clinical photography, and supervised patient encounters. Upon successful completion, students will be able to recognize common dermatological conditions, formulate differential diagnoses, interpret relevant investigations, and develop appropriate evidence-based management plans while identifying patients requiring specialist referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge, skills, and professional attitudes required to deliver comprehensive, continuous, person-centered, and community-oriented healthcare. It emphasizes the principles of primary healthcare, family medicine, preventive medicine, and community health within the context of evidence-based practice. Topics include health promotion, disease prevention, screening programs, chronic disease management, maternal and child health, geriatric care, mental health in primary care, environmental and occupational health, epidemiology, health education, palliative care, home-based care, and the management of common acute and chronic conditions encountered in primary care settings. The course also addresses patient-centered communication, continuity of care, family dynamics, social determinants of health, multidisciplinary teamwork, ethical practice, and healthcare systems. Students are trained in comprehensive patient assessment, preventive counseling, risk factor modification, rational prescribing, and referral decisions while considering the psychosocial and cultural context of patients and their families. Learning is reinforced through primary healthcare center rotations, family medicine clinics, community-based activities, home visits, case-based discussions, and multidisciplinary teaching. Upon successful completion, students will be able to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, integrate preventive and curative approaches, manage common health problems across all age groups, promote community health, and collaborate effectively with patients, families, and healthcare teams.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year four, Summer semester

Prerequisite

None

This course introduces medical students to the principles and practice of forensic medicine and its application within the legal and judicial systems. It emphasizes the physician’s role in the investigation, documentation, and interpretation of medical evidence in civil and criminal cases. Topics include the legal responsibilities of physicians, medicolegal documentation, injury assessment, wound interpretation, blunt and penetrating trauma, firearm and explosive injuries, asphyxia, poisoning, thermal injuries, sudden and unexpected death, postmortem changes, forensic pathology, death certification, and medicolegal autopsy principles. The course also addresses forensic toxicology, forensic genetics and DNA analysis, identification of human remains, age estimation, sexual assault examination, child abuse and neglect, domestic violence, medical negligence, malpractice, professional ethics, human rights, and the legal aspects of organ transplantation and medical practice. Students are introduced to evidence collection, preservation of the chain of custody, interpretation of forensic investigations, and preparation of medicolegal reports and expert testimony. Learning is reinforced through case-based discussions, practical demonstrations, forensic laboratory visits, courtroom-oriented exercises, and multidisciplinary teaching. Upon successful completion, students will be able to recognize medicolegal issues in clinical practice, document injuries accurately, prepare appropriate medicolegal reports, understand the principles of forensic investigations, and fulfill their legal and ethical responsibilities as medical practitioners.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of endocrine and metabolic diseases. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating endocrinology, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, nutrition, and internal medicine. Topics include disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid diseases, adrenal disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism, osteoporosis, metabolic bone diseases, endocrine hypertension, disorders of growth and puberty, reproductive endocrinology, endocrine neoplasms, and inherited metabolic disorders. Students are trained in endocrine history taking, focused physical examination, interpretation of hormonal assays, dynamic endocrine function tests, biochemical investigations, imaging studies, and other diagnostic procedures. The course also addresses evidence-based pharmacological management, insulin therapy, management of endocrine emergencies, nutritional interventions, patient education, and long-term multidisciplinary care for chronic endocrine diseases. Learning is reinforced through inpatient and outpatient endocrine clinics, bedside teaching, case-based discussions, multidisciplinary meetings, and clinical seminars. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common endocrine and metabolic disorders, interpret endocrine investigations, formulate differential diagnoses, develop evidence-based management plans, recognize endocrine emergencies requiring urgent intervention, and provide comprehensive care for patients with chronic endocrine diseases.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the fundamental knowledge and practical skills required for the assessment and management of surgical conditions affecting neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating pediatric surgery with developmental anatomy, embryology, pathology, radiology, anesthesiology, neonatology, and pediatric medicine. Topics include congenital anomalies, neonatal surgical emergencies, pediatric trauma, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders, abdominal wall defects, inguinal hernias, anorectal malformations, pediatric urological conditions, thoracic disorders, soft tissue infections, pediatric tumors, burns, and common elective and emergency surgical conditions in childhood. Students are introduced to age-specific surgical assessment, perioperative care, fluid and electrolyte management, nutritional support, pain management, wound care, and the principles of minimally invasive pediatric surgery. The course also addresses communication with children and their families, ethical issues in pediatric surgical care, child safeguarding, multidisciplinary collaboration, and postoperative rehabilitation. Learning is reinforced through pediatric surgical wards, outpatient clinics, operating theaters, neonatal intensive care units, bedside teaching, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate pediatric patients with common surgical conditions, recognize congenital anomalies and pediatric surgical emergencies, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate evidence-based initial management plans, and identify patients requiring urgent surgical intervention or specialized referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the fundamental knowledge and practical skills required for the assessment and management of diseases affecting the heart, great vessels, lungs, mediastinum, chest wall, and peripheral vascular system. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating cardiovascular and thoracic anatomy, physiology, pathology, radiology, anesthesiology, and surgical principles. Topics include peripheral arterial disease, aortic aneurysms and dissections, carotid artery disease, venous disorders, thromboembolic disease, vascular trauma, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, thoracic aortic disease, congenital cardiac conditions requiring surgical intervention, pulmonary tumors, pleural diseases, mediastinal disorders, chest trauma, pneumothorax, and minimally invasive cardiovascular and thoracic surgical techniques. Students are introduced to vascular and cardiothoracic history taking, focused physical examination, interpretation of vascular imaging, echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), angiography, pulmonary function tests, and other diagnostic investigations. The course also covers perioperative care, postoperative management, intensive care principles, and the recognition of life-threatening cardiovascular and thoracic emergencies. Learning is reinforced through operating theaters, inpatient wards, outpatient clinics, intensive care units, bedside teaching, multidisciplinary meetings, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common vascular and cardiothoracic surgical conditions, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate initial management plans, recognize surgical emergencies requiring urgent intervention, and understand the principles of surgical treatment and multidisciplinary perioperative care.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge and practical skills required for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common eye diseases and visual disorders. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating ocular anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology, and clinical medicine. Topics include the anatomy and physiology of the eye and visual pathway, refractive errors, conjunctival and corneal diseases, cataract, glaucoma, uveitis, retinal and vitreous disorders, diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular trauma, pediatric ophthalmology, ocular manifestations of systemic diseases, and ophthalmic emergencies. Students are trained in ophthalmic history taking, assessment of visual acuity, pupillary reflexes, ocular motility, visual field evaluation, ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp examination, tonometry, and the interpretation of ophthalmic imaging and diagnostic tests. The course also covers the principles of medical and surgical management, preventive eye care, blindness prevention, and timely referral of patients requiring specialized treatment. Learning is reinforced through outpatient clinics, operating theater observation, bedside teaching, clinical skills laboratories, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to perform a basic ophthalmic examination, recognize common eye diseases and emergencies, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate initial management plans, and identify patients requiring urgent ophthalmological referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of hematological disorders and malignant diseases. It emphasizes a patient-centered, evidence-based approach by integrating hematology, oncology, pathology, immunology, pharmacology, molecular medicine, radiology, and internal medicine. Topics include anemias, hemoglobinopathies, bleeding and thrombotic disorders, disorders of hemostasis, leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders, bone marrow failure syndromes, solid tumors, principles of carcinogenesis, cancer genetics, tumor biology, cancer screening, staging, and prevention. Students are trained in hematological and oncological history taking, physical examination, interpretation of complete blood counts, peripheral blood smears, coagulation studies, bone marrow examination, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular investigations, tumor markers, histopathology, and diagnostic imaging. The course also addresses evidence-based principles of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, supportive care, palliative care, survivorship, and oncological emergencies. Learning is reinforced through inpatient wards, outpatient hematology and oncology clinics, infusion units, multidisciplinary tumor boards, bedside teaching, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common hematological and oncological disorders, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate differential diagnoses, develop evidence-based management plans, recognize hematological and oncological emergencies, and provide compassionate, multidisciplinary care throughout the continuum of cancer management.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with foundational knowledge and practical skills in obstetrics and gynecology, emphasizing the principles of women's reproductive health across the lifespan. It integrates basic sciences with clinical practice to develop competencies in the assessment, diagnosis, prevention, and initial management of common obstetric and gynecological conditions. Topics include normal pregnancy, antenatal care, fetal growth and development, physiological changes during pregnancy, normal labor and delivery, the puerperium, family planning, contraception, menstrual disorders, infertility, common gynecological infections, benign gynecological diseases, gynecological emergencies, and an introduction to gynecological malignancies. Students are trained in obstetric and gynecological history taking, respectful and patient-centered communication, basic obstetric and pelvic examination skills using simulation models where appropriate, interpretation of laboratory investigations, fetal monitoring, obstetric ultrasonography, and the principles of maternal and fetal care. The course also addresses maternal health, reproductive rights, preventive women's healthcare, patient safety, ethical considerations, and multidisciplinary management. Clinical learning is reinforced through antenatal clinics, labor and delivery units, gynecology outpatient clinics, operating theaters, bedside teaching, clinical skills laboratories, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to assess patients with common obstetric and gynecological conditions, recognize normal and abnormal pregnancy, interpret basic diagnostic investigations, formulate initial management plans, and identify conditions requiring urgent intervention or specialist referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge and practical skills required to recognize, assess, and manage common psychiatric and behavioral disorders across the lifespan. It emphasizes a patient-centered, biopsychosocial, and evidence-based approach by integrating neuroscience, psychology, behavioral sciences, pharmacology, and clinical medicine. Topics include psychiatric interviewing, mental status examination, diagnostic formulation, and the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of common psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, trauma- and stress-related disorders, eating disorders, neurocognitive disorders, sleep disorders, child and adolescent psychiatric disorders, and psychiatric emergencies. The course also addresses suicide risk assessment, crisis intervention, consultation-liaison psychiatry, behavioral disorders associated with medical illnesses, psychopharmacology, basic psychotherapeutic approaches, mental health promotion, and ethical and legal aspects of psychiatric practice. Clinical learning is reinforced through psychiatric inpatient and outpatient rotations, supervised patient interviews, case-based discussions, multidisciplinary team meetings, simulation, and reflective practice. Upon successful completion, students will be able to perform a comprehensive psychiatric assessment, conduct a mental status examination, formulate differential diagnoses, develop evidence-based management plans, communicate effectively with patients and families, and recognize psychiatric conditions requiring urgent intervention or specialist referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with foundational knowledge and practical skills in the care of infants, children, and adolescents. It emphasizes the integration of basic medical sciences with clinical pediatrics through a patient-centered and family-oriented approach. Topics include normal growth and development, neonatal adaptation, nutritional requirements, immunization, developmental assessment, common pediatric illnesses, pediatric infectious diseases, respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, fluid and electrolyte management, common hematological and endocrine conditions, congenital anomalies, and principles of preventive child healthcare. Students are introduced to pediatric history taking, age-appropriate physical examination, developmental screening, interpretation of growth charts, laboratory investigations, pediatric imaging, and the recognition of common pediatric emergencies. The course also addresses communication with children and their caregivers, ethical issues in pediatric practice, child protection, patient safety, and multidisciplinary care. Learning is reinforced through inpatient and outpatient pediatric rotations, neonatal units, bedside teaching, clinical skills laboratories, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to assess pediatric patients across different age groups, evaluate growth and development, recognize common childhood diseases, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate initial management plans, and identify conditions requiring urgent intervention or specialist referral.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the knowledge and practical skills required for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It emphasizes the integration of neuroscience with clinical medicine through a patient-centered and evidence-based approach. Topics include cerebrovascular diseases, epilepsy, headache disorders, movement disorders, dementia and cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, peripheral neuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders, myopathies, neuroinfectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, spinal cord diseases, disorders of consciousness, and neurological emergencies. Students are trained in neurological history taking, comprehensive neurological examination, lesion localization, clinical reasoning, and differential diagnosis. The course also covers the interpretation of neurological investigations, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and selected laboratory tests. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, rehabilitation, multidisciplinary care, patient safety, and communication with patients and families. Learning is reinforced through bedside teaching, outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, clinical skills training, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common neurological disorders, perform a structured neurological examination, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, formulate differential diagnoses, and develop evidence-based initial management plans while recognizing conditions requiring urgent intervention.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the fundamental principles of neurosurgery and the evaluation and management of common surgical disorders of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and cranial structures. It emphasizes the integration of neuroscience, neuroanatomy, neuropathology, neuroradiology, and clinical surgery to develop a systematic approach to neurosurgical patient care. Topics include traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, brain and spinal tumors, cerebrovascular disorders, congenital anomalies of the nervous system, peripheral nerve injuries, degenerative spinal diseases, infections of the central nervous system requiring surgical intervention, raised intracranial pressure, and neurosurgical emergencies. Students are introduced to neurological assessment, interpretation of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebral angiography, and other diagnostic investigations, together with the principles of perioperative care, neurocritical care, and rehabilitation. The course also covers indications for common neurosurgical procedures, patient safety, ethical considerations, and multidisciplinary management. Clinical learning is reinforced through inpatient ward rounds, outpatient clinics, operating theater observation, neurocritical care units, bedside teaching, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to recognize common neurosurgical conditions, perform an initial neurological assessment, interpret relevant diagnostic investigations, identify neurosurgical emergencies requiring urgent referral, and understand the principles of surgical and postoperative management.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year five, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the ethical, legal, and professional principles that govern medical practice. It emphasizes the application of ethical reasoning to clinical decision-making and the development of professional values essential for safe, compassionate, and patient-centered care. Topics include the principles of biomedical ethics, patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, truth-telling, professionalism, medical negligence, conflicts of interest, end-of-life care, organ donation and transplantation, reproductive ethics, research ethics, genetic and genomic ethics, resource allocation, public health ethics, and emerging ethical challenges associated with new medical technologies and artificial intelligence. The course also examines physicians' legal responsibilities, patients' rights, cultural competence, human rights in healthcare, and ethical dilemmas encountered in clinical practice. Learning is reinforced through case-based discussions, ethical debates, reflective writing, seminars, and multidisciplinary learning activities that strengthen ethical reasoning and professional judgment. Upon successful completion, students will be able to analyze ethical dilemmas using established ethical frameworks, demonstrate professionalism in clinical practice, uphold patients' rights and dignity, and make ethically and legally sound decisions consistent with national regulations and international standards.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This senior clinical course builds upon the competencies acquired in Internal Medicine I and prepares medical students for independent clinical practice by emphasizing the comprehensive assessment and management of patients with complex medical conditions. The course integrates evidence-based medicine, clinical reasoning, and multidisciplinary care across inpatient, outpatient, emergency, and intensive care settings. Topics include advanced management of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, hematological, rheumatological, infectious, neurological, and metabolic diseases, as well as critical care medicine, geriatric medicine, palliative care, and the management of patients with multiple comorbidities. Students refine their skills in comprehensive history taking, physical examination, clinical decision-making, interpretation of laboratory investigations, electrocardiography, imaging studies, and other diagnostic procedures. Emphasis is placed on rational prescribing, patient safety, quality improvement, ethical practice, communication with patients and healthcare teams, and the application of clinical guidelines in individualized patient care. Learning is reinforced through bedside teaching, consultant-led ward rounds, outpatient clinics, multidisciplinary meetings, case presentations, journal clubs, and supervised participation in patient management. Upon successful completion, students will be able to independently evaluate patients with complex medical disorders, formulate prioritized differential diagnoses, interpret advanced diagnostic investigations, develop evidence-based management plans, recognize critically ill patients requiring urgent intervention, and demonstrate the professional competencies expected of a graduating medical student.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, First semester

Prerequisite

None

No description has been added for this course yet.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This senior clinical course builds upon the competencies acquired in Gynecology and Obstetrics I and prepares medical students for the comprehensive assessment and management of complex obstetric and gynecological conditions. It emphasizes evidence-based, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary care across antenatal, intrapartum, postpartum, gynecological, emergency, and operating room settings. Topics include high-risk pregnancy, maternal medical disorders, fetal growth restriction, multiple pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, preterm labor, obstetric emergencies, fetal surveillance, operative obstetrics, gynecological endocrinology, infertility, urogynecology, gynecological oncology, minimally invasive gynecological surgery, menopause, reproductive medicine, and family planning. Students refine their skills in obstetric and gynecological history taking, focused physical examination, interpretation of fetal monitoring, obstetric ultrasonography, laboratory investigations, and diagnostic imaging. The course also addresses evidence-based pharmacological and surgical management, maternal and fetal safety, ethical and legal aspects of women's healthcare, communication with patients and families, and multidisciplinary collaboration. Clinical learning is reinforced through labor and delivery units, antenatal and gynecology clinics, operating theaters, inpatient wards, bedside teaching, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with common and complex obstetric and gynecological conditions, formulate differential diagnoses, interpret diagnostic investigations, develop evidence-based management plans, recognize obstetric and gynecological emergencies, and demonstrate the professional competencies expected of a graduating medical student.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, First semester

Prerequisite

None

This clinical course provides medical students with the fundamental principles of anesthesiology, perioperative medicine, and pain management. It emphasizes the physician’s role in the preoperative assessment, intraoperative care, postoperative management, and recognition of critically ill patients. Topics include the pharmacology of anesthetic agents, airway anatomy and management, patient monitoring, preoperative evaluation and risk stratification, regional and general anesthesia, fluid and electrolyte therapy, perioperative pain management, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, perioperative complications, intensive care principles, and the management of medical and surgical emergencies. The course also introduces sedation techniques, blood transfusion principles, mechanical ventilation, shock, sepsis, trauma resuscitation, and patient safety in the operating room. Students develop practical skills in airway assessment, basic airway management, vascular access, interpretation of vital signs and physiological monitoring, and basic life support, while gaining an understanding of advanced resuscitation principles. Learning is reinforced through operating room rotations, recovery units, intensive care units, simulation-based training, bedside teaching, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to perform preoperative patient assessment, recognize perioperative risks and complications, apply the principles of safe anesthesia and pain management, participate effectively in perioperative and emergency care, and collaborate with multidisciplinary healthcare teams.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This senior clinical course builds upon the knowledge and skills acquired in General Surgery I and prepares medical students for the comprehensive assessment and management of patients with complex surgical conditions. It emphasizes the integration of surgical principles, evidence-based practice, and multidisciplinary care across elective and emergency surgical settings. Topics include advanced gastrointestinal surgery, hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, colorectal surgery, endocrine surgery, breast surgery, vascular surgery, trauma surgery, surgical oncology, minimally invasive surgery, perioperative critical care, surgical infections, wound management, nutrition in surgical patients, and the management of postoperative complications. Students further develop competencies in surgical history taking, focused physical examination, clinical reasoning, interpretation of laboratory and imaging investigations, preoperative risk assessment, perioperative decision-making, postoperative care, and recognition of surgical emergencies. Practical training includes participation in operating theaters, surgical wards, outpatient clinics, emergency departments, and clinical skills laboratories, with supervised exposure to aseptic techniques, suturing, drain management, wound care, and basic surgical procedures. Learning is reinforced through bedside teaching, multidisciplinary team meetings, morbidity and mortality discussions, simulation, and case-based learning. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate patients with complex surgical diseases, formulate differential diagnoses, interpret diagnostic investigations, develop evidence-based perioperative management plans, recognize surgical emergencies and complications, and demonstrate the professional competencies expected of a graduating medical student.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This senior clinical course builds upon the competencies acquired in Pediatrics I and prepares medical students for the comprehensive evaluation and management of infants, children, and adolescents with complex medical conditions. It emphasizes evidence-based, family-centered, and multidisciplinary pediatric care across inpatient, outpatient, neonatal, and emergency settings. Topics include neonatal medicine, pediatric emergencies, pediatric intensive care, infectious diseases, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, nephrology, endocrinology, hematology and oncology, neurology, genetics, immunology, developmental and behavioral pediatrics, adolescent medicine, and chronic childhood diseases. The course also addresses growth and developmental disorders, nutritional assessment, child safeguarding, immunization strategies, preventive pediatrics, palliative care, and ethical issues in pediatric practice. Students refine their skills in pediatric history taking, age-appropriate physical examination, developmental assessment, interpretation of laboratory investigations and diagnostic imaging, clinical reasoning, and evidence-based therapeutic decision-making. Clinical learning is reinforced through bedside teaching, neonatal intensive care units, pediatric wards, outpatient clinics, emergency departments, multidisciplinary rounds, simulation, and case-based discussions. Upon successful completion, students will be able to evaluate pediatric patients with complex medical conditions, formulate prioritized differential diagnoses, interpret diagnostic investigations, develop evidence-based management plans, recognize pediatric emergencies requiring urgent intervention, and demonstrate the professional competencies expected of a graduating medical student.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, Second semester

Prerequisite

None

This capstone course provides medical students with practical experience in conducting a clinical audit or an applied research project that promotes evidence-based practice and quality improvement in healthcare. The course enables students to integrate the knowledge and skills acquired throughout the medical program by identifying a clinical problem, reviewing the relevant scientific literature, developing an audit or research protocol, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting findings, and proposing recommendations to improve patient care and healthcare outcomes. Topics include clinical governance, quality improvement methodologies, clinical audit cycles, research ethics, critical appraisal of medical literature, epidemiological methods, biostatistics, data management, scientific writing, and the dissemination of research findings. Students work under faculty supervision and are encouraged to undertake projects relevant to clinical practice, patient safety, healthcare quality, or public health. Learning is reinforced through research seminars, workshops, group discussions, independent study, and regular supervisory meetings. Upon successful completion, students will be able to design and conduct a clinical audit or research project, apply research methodology and statistical principles, critically evaluate clinical practice using evidence-based standards, communicate scientific findings effectively, and contribute to continuous quality improvement in healthcare.

Type

Major Requirement

When

Year six, Second semester

Prerequisite

None